The Concept of School as Mangrove Conservation Efforts

Conditions mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia lately looks quite alarming to the decline in quality and quantity. The population is increasing and causing a growing urgency, so venturing into marine ecosystems, especially mangrove. Indonesia has mangrove areas formerly reaching 75% of the total mangrove in Southeast Asia, or 27% of the area of ​​mangrove internationally. Data Indonesian mangrove forest area continues to decline from 4.25 million hectares in 1982 to approximately 3.24 million hectares in 1987, and the remaining area of ​​2.50 million hectares in 1993.

Natural conditions of mangrove forest in Cilacap, Central Java, especially Segara Chicks on the present land area has decreased as a result of human activities that illegal logging thereby accelerating destruction of mangrove. In Segara Chicks, which is a trade mark of the city of Cilacap which covers about 2,500 thousand ha, now living 600 ha. Maintenance and preservation of mangroves is necessary given the existence of mangroves is essential to the coast.

Mangroves have an important role in the prevention of abrasion waves of the beach, where spawning fish in the waters, protective inland from the wind, filter sea water intrusion into the mainland and content results in heavy metals that are harmful to life, a haven of migratory birds, and as a wildlife habitat and other direct benefits for humans. Mangrove also produce nutrients that nourish marine waters, mangrove assist in the cycle of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur, as well as mangrove waters rich in nutrients both organic and inorganic nutrients. With an average high primary production that mangroves can sustain populations of fish, crustaceans, shellfish and more. Mangroves provide a breeding and rearing for several species of marine animals of high economic value.

Mangrove forests in terms of social and economic also has a function as a place of nature, a place of research in education, firewood, charcoal and paper raw materials, as well as palm leaves for roofing houses; producing tannin for the manufacture of inks, plastics, adhesives, preservatives net and leather tanning; produce crops (The fish / shrimp / crab), and drugs leaves Bruguiera sexan-sugar for inhibiting tumor drug, Ceriops tagal and Xylo-Carpus mollucensis for toothache medicine, etc.); where livelihoods of fishermen catching and farmers, and craftsmen roofs and nipa sugar.

Seeing the importance of the role of the mangrove forests, it is necessary for the preservation of mangrove school is more intensive. Conservation is done by replanting mangrove trees and greater utilization of the mangrove forests in terms of natural attractions that can increase knowledge for visitors. Travel is not just fun to enjoy the beauty of nature, but they also learn about the mangrove forest on the importance of mangrove forests and the conservation of the site. It aims to broaden the horizon for the tourists and that they become aware of the mangrove forests so that there is an awareness for them to continue to preserve it. It is necessary for the implementation of mangrove school system.

Preservation of mangroves have pursued them with counseling to the public about the importance of mangrove forests, but has not made public can play an active role in their own consciousness for preservation. The concept of school as mangrove conservation efforts in the immediate mangrove saplings cilacap is a new concept. Mangrove school or school magrove an educational tool for the community and tourists in the form of small schools who learn about the importance of mangroves, including mangrove preservation. Mangrove school gives understanding to the general public with knowledge of the functions and benefits of mangroves to the surrounding community and tourists, especially students, do a tour without changing the zoning of mangroves due to a more structured, provide jobs for people around the mangrove forest, creating new business opportunities that have the potential for personal, groups, and communities so as to preserve mangrove replanting intensive way. Mangrove school is expected to be an alternative to coastal communities that are skilled in mangrove conservation.

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Characterisation of mangrove forest types in view of conservation andmanagement

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The Existence of Owa Jawa in Indonesia is Categorized as an Endangered Species (EN) on the IUCN Red List

Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) is the only type of small monkey lesser apes located on the island of Java. The spread of these primates is limited to tropical forests relatively undisturbed forests of West Java and some forests in Central Java (Kappeler, 1987 in Ario, et al, 2011). This tiny organism species of monkeys are primates endemic in Java which has unique behavior for life and all activities carried out in the top of the forest canopy that is exposed to direct sunlight. Behavior daily to eat is very different from other primates, which eat the flora in the header so that the Javan gibbon habitat requiring forest conditions are still good and stable. Food sought to move from one tree to another, preferred type of food is fruit and leaf buds and flowers in the forest (Sastrapradja, 1982: 103).

The nature of the use of space for such behavior that causes a small chance of survival if the Javan gibbon habitat damaged. Degraded habitats would affect the level of species and even whole communities to the brink of extinction (Indrawan, 2007: 104). Excessive deforestation, human population explosion and human hunting on the island of Java, making forests into the Javan gibbon habitat continues to decline drastically, it caused the population of Javan difficult to develop. The existence of Owa Jawa in Indonesia becoming increasingly decreased so his status is categorized as an endangered species and is now threatened with extinction.

Number of Javan gibbon is in Java based on current research Nijman (2004) states that, the number of Javan scattered today in West Java and Central Java, the range is less than 4000-4500 Tails, Tails 400-2000 (Supriatna, et.al , 2001). The amount is very different from decades ago. Level where Owa Jawa increasingly rare to make the status of a row of animals critical (Critically Endangered) in the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), while in the CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna) where Owa Jawa enter at level 1, which means the animal is an endangered animal whose existence is endangered (Supriatna, et.all., 1994; Eudey, 1996/1997; IUCN 2001 at Nijman, 2004). This is caused by a factor of forest destruction and human hand itself act as arrests, illegal shooting and memperniagakannya intentionally. Those problems have actually governed by the laws of animal protection, namely Law No. 5 of 1990 Article 40 paragraph (2) it can be explained as follows; "Anyone who deliberately capture, injure, kill, keep, possess, maintain, transport, or memperniagakan, protected animals alive shall be punished by imprisonment of five (5) years and a maximum fine of Rp 100,000,000 (one hundred million rupiah).

The survival of Javan original habitat can be guaranteed by the good habitat components, one of which is a shelter. Shelter needed for protection from the sun, rain, and is used for protection against attacks from other animals and have the potential food source provider.

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Papaya (Carica papaya)

Position papaya plants in the systematics of plants classified as follows:

• Kingdom: Plantae
• Division: Spermatophyta
• Sub divisio: Angiospermae
• Class: Dicotylidonae
• Order: Caricalis
• Family: Caricaceae
• Species: Carica papaya L (Soranta, 2009)

Papaya (Carica papaya) is a plant that originated from southern Mexico and northern parts of South America. Papaya is the only plant that had genus Carica. This name papaya in Indonesian Papaja taken from the Dutch language. In the Java language called pawpaw and in Sundanese called papaya. Papaya is a plant that resembles wet trunked upright and palms, white flowers and fruit that is ripe reddish yellow and tastes like melon. 

Papaya tree height can reach 8 to 20 meters with strong roots. The leaves are shaped like human hands. If the leaves are folded in half exactly in the middle, you will see that the leaves are symmetrical. The cavity in the star-shaped fruit when the fruit dipoting transverse cross-section. This plant is also cultivated in gardens for his extensive fresh and nutritious. In addition to the fruit used, this plant also used the leaves as a vegetable and meat tenderizer. Young leaves eaten as a salad (after dilayukan with hot water) or used as a wrapping kit. By the Manado, flowers diurap into a vegetable commonly eaten (Ahira, 2010).
Papaya leaves has long been known for pain medications malaria, increase appetite and improve digestion. In addition, roots and seeds are used for de-worming. Mothers who are pregnant and younger are not encouraged to eat seeds and fruit papaya because it can cause miscarriage (Gunawan, 1999).

Chemical content of leaves of papaya (Carica papaya L) is the enzyme papain, carpaine alkaloids, pseudo-carpaine, glikosid, karposid and saponins, sucrose, dextrose, and levulose. Alkaloids carpaine have effects such as digitalis (Soranta, 2009).
Carica papaya also contains various substances, among others:
• Vitamin A SI 18250
• Vitamin B1 0,15 mg
• Vitamin C 140 mg
• Calories 79 cal
• Protein 8.0 grams
• Fat 2 g
• Hydrate Arang 11.9 grams
• Calcium 353 mg
• Phosphorus 63 mg
• Iron 0.8 mg
• Water 75.4 grams
The content carposide the medicinal properties of papaya leaf worm. Besides the leaves, roots and sap also contains substances papayotin, karpain, kautsyuk, karposit and vitamins (Ahira, 2010).

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The Potential Pearls Grass (Hedyotis corymbosa)

Pearls Grass for the prevention of breast cancer

Pearl grass (Hedyotis corymbosa) is one of the plants that have potential as antioxidants. Antioxidants are essential compounds that function captures free radicals in the body that can slow or prevent the oxidation of lipids. This plant contains oleanoat acid and Ursolic acid can inhibit cancer cells (Schuler, 1990).

Ursolic acid has potential as an anticancer compound since it is known to have anticancer activity by inhibiting carcinogenesis event, cancer promotion, induction of cancer cell differentiation and angiogenesis. Among the activities mediated by the ability of Ursolic acid inhibits the activity of a transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB). NF-κB is a protein that regulates a number of genes that play a role in the formation of cancer cells, including the formation of antiapoptosis gene, a gene regulator of adhesion molecules and cell cycle regulatory genes (Shishodia et al., 2003).

NF-κB plays a role in the process kemoresistensi manner Myc protein activation as an intermediary for the transcriptional activation of cyclin A and D. neglected this causes apoptosis and cell cycle continues. Stimulation of NF-κB can be through death receptors then interact with the target genes such as IAPs and inhibit caspase pathway or through a proliferation signal passing through Akt pathway, thereby increasing protein expression antiapoptosis (Schwimmer, 2004).

Ursolic acid also able to inhibit the growth of tumor cells K562 with IC50 of 12.5 mg / mL and induces 13% apoptosi at levels of 25 mg / mL (Liu et al., 2004). Oleanoat acid is reported to have cytotoxic effects against Hep G2 cells (human liver cells) with IC50 values ​​of 8.0 mg / mL (Yang et al., 2005). In addition, Ursolic acid can suppress the activity of COX-2 gene expression that play a role in carcinogenesis by inhibiting the signal transduction pathway Kinasi Protein C (PKC) (Subbaramaiah et al., 2000).

Hedyotis corymbosa reported to have antineoplastic effects, antitoksik and can strengthen the body's immune system, so it is used as a treatment in diseases malignancies (Dalimartha, 2003). Hsu Based on research, the mechanism of inhibition of tumor is by inducing the activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinase resulting in activity that is one of the Rb tumor suppressor genes. Thus not happen cell proliferation beyond the limit excessive.

Alternative presentation of pearl grass as inhibitors of cancer cells is presented in the form of a pudding. Pearl grass has great potential as an alternative treatment. This plant is very easy to find around us, for example in the fields or at the edge of the edge of the yard. Because it was the grass is very suitable to be used as an alternative anti-cancer drug that is cheap and easy to use.

A major component in Hedyotis corymbosa that have antineoplastic effects are triterpene acids that oleanolat acid and Ursolic acid. Ursolic acid and acid uleanolat contained in pearl grass can prevent the development of cancer cell division stage to a more malignant. It has been reported that Ursolic acid inhibits the growth of tumor cells and induce tumor cells to undergo apoptosis in order. While oleanolat acids have a cytotoxic effect against Hep G2 cells in the human liver. (Hsu, 1998).

Read more : Procedures to make pudding pearl grass

The content of flavonoid glycosides in pearl grass allegedly able to inhibit the process of carcinogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition occurred at the stage of initiation, promotion and progression through the molecular mechanisms include inactivation of carcinogenic compounds, antiproliferative, inhibition of angiogenesis, cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, and antioxidants. Most compounds such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons karsinogean (PAH) require activation by cytochrome P450 enzymes to form reactive intermediates before binding to DNA. The covalent bond between the active DNA with carcinogenic compounds causing DNA damage. Flavonoids in this process acts as a blocking agent. Blocking the action of carcinogens can be through several mechanisms, among others through inhibit the activity of cytochrome P450 isoenzymes are CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 that carcinogenic compounds are not reactive. Other mechanisms through detoxify carcinogens. Flavonoids also increases the expression of enzymes Gluthation S-transferase (GST), which can detoxify carcinogens active so that it becomes more polar and can be eliminated from the body. Another mechanism that is activated through binding of carcinogens by flavonoid that can prevent binding with DNA, RNA or protein targets (Febriansah et al, 2012).

Flavonoids are compounds of natural ingredients from the many phenolic compounds as plant pigments. Flavonoids are connected to one or more sugar molecules known as flavonoid glycosides, while flavonoids are not connected to a sugar molecule called aglycone. Flavonoids in plants and foods are in the form of glycosides. Once inside the body, flavonoid glycosides reach the small intestine intact. Flavonoid or flavonoid metabolites that reaches the large intestine would probably be metabolized by bacteria and enzymes will then be absorbed.

Modulation of cell signaling pathways with flavonoids may help prevent cancer by among other things: First, it stimulates enzyme activity dektosifikasi phase II, phase II detoxification enzymes catalyze reactions that increase the excretion of potentially toxic or carcinogenic chemicals. Second, regulatory launched sikluls normal cells. Cell division passed the order in which they were known as the cell cycle before splitting again. After the cells undergo DNA damage, cell cycle may be arrested on the spot inspection of cell damage, which makes it possible to repair the DNA, causing cell death (apoptosis) if the damage can not be repaired. Cell cycle defects will result in the spread of mutations that contribute to cancer development. Third, inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. Unlike normal cells, cancerous cells proliferate rapidly and lose their ability to respond to cell death signals commit apoptosis. Fourth, inhibit tumor invasion and angiogenesis. The cancer cells invade normal tissue aided by enzymes called matrix-metalloproteinases. To fuel rapid growth, invasive tumor must develop new blood vessels by a process known as angiogenesis. Fifth. reduce inflammation. Inflammation may lead to increased local production of free radicals by enzymes of inflammation, and the release of inflammatory mediators that increase cell proliferation and angiogenesis and inhibit apoptosis.

Other Benefits Grass Pearls

Besides as anticancer, pearl grass can also be used as a natural antioxidant. Antioxidants are needed to counteract free radicals that can cause cell damage. The use of natural antioxidants is certainly safer than synthetic antioxidants for synthetic antioxidants are carcinogens to the reproductive system, causing swelling of the liver, affects the activity of enzymes in the liver, even in the long term for their safety (lamalifherbal, 2012). Efficacy another pearl grass is as anti-inflammatory, diuretic, anti karbunkular (healed ulcers), anti-toxins, relieve fever (heat), activate blood circulation, improving sperm blockage and enhance the immune system. With the presence of chemical compounds contained in it, pudding pearl grass can treat a variety of diseases, including mumps, bronchitis, tonsillitis (tonsils), appendicitis, hepatitis, urinary tract infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, cancer (Amelia, 2006).

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PEARL GRASS PUDDING (Hedyotis corymbosa) AS AN ALTERNATIVE PREVENT BREAST CANCER

Breast cancer is the second largest in Indonesia. Number of breast cancer is increasing from year to year. According to WHO, more than 70% of breast cancer deaths occur in developing countries, meanwhile, have not found a specific treatment for breast cancer. In Indonesia, there has been a tremendous surge of breast cancer cases in the last 10 years, breast cancer ranked as the leading cause of death rose from rank 12 to rank 6th. The incidence of breast cancer in Indonesia is estimated at 180 per 100,000 population. Data Hospital Information System (SIRS) 2004-2007 showed that the incidence of breast cancer is a type of cancer is highest in Indonesia. 

Moreover, the incidence of breast cancer in Indonesia increased by 60% from 2004 to 2007. According to some reports, breast cancer rates are estimated at 20% of all cancers in women, the incidence of about 100 people with 100,000 inhabitants per year, and the mortality was about 11, 22% of all cancer incidence. Based on data from Cancer Register, Sub Directorate of Cancer 2007, breast cancer (32%) is the highest in 31 types of cancer hospitals in Jakarta. Breast cancer patients in Indonesia there are only 18 years old (Suryaningsih and Bertiana, 2009). In addition to a number of cases, more than 70% of patients with breast cancer is found at an advanced stage (Moningkey, 2000). Data from the Directorate General of Medical Services of the Ministry of Health showed improvement in 1992-1993, from 3.9 to 7.8 (Ambarsari, 1998).

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that is most common, but the method tesebut side effects for the patient. Hard drugs customized prescription was offered to the patient in an attempt to cure the disease. But apparently, the drugs offered are often lead to other negative effects to the body. Pearl grass (Hedyotis corymbosa) has great potential for a wide range of alternative treatments. Pearl grass oleanoat acid and Ursolic acid can inhibit cancer cells. In addition, the content of flavonoid glycosides in pearl grass is able to inhibit the process of carcinogenesis. Pearl grass has great benefits as anticancer agents for the lives of the people who always consume instant foods are carcinogenic. However, the shape and feels foreign to the people will make them less interested in taking it. Therefore, given the benefits earlier, then grass pearls can be processed into pudding a healthy alternative to breast cancer prevention.

Pearl grass (Hedyotis corymbosa)

Pearl grass or Hedyotis corymbossa included in the genus Rubiacae. Pearl grass weed is a plant commonly grown in moist soil and enough sunlight, such as on the street, at the edge of the gutter or on the rice fields (Febia et al., 2005). Pearl grass and soft-sided stems, leaves are small and line of sight intersects with short leaf stalks. The flowers are 2-5 compound interest, shaped like a white umbrella, pieces whose edges broken and reproduce by seeds (Sopandi, 2006).

According Febriansah et al. (2012), pearl grass classification is as follows:

• Division: Spermatophyta
• Sub Division: Angiospermae
• Class: Dicotyledoneae
• Order: Rubiales
• Family: Rubiaceae
• Genus: Hedyotis
• Species: Hedyotis corymbosa L

Here is a picture pearl grass (Hedyotis corymbosa) taken by Amelia (2006).

Figure 1. Grass Pearls (Hedyotis corymbosa)

All parts of the plant can be used as a drug that is believed efficacious as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antipyretic, diuresis, blood circulation, antitoxin, and many more (Hariya, 2004). Society consume in the form of cooking water plants, or plants that are crushed and processed (in the form of tablet, granule, tea, and capsules) in a variable dose (Sudarsono, 2002). Hedyotis corymbosa contain various chemical compounds, namely acid Ursolic, oleanolat acid, γ-sitosterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, compound iridoid (asperulosid, skandosidmetilester, benzoilskandosidmetilester), n-benzoyl-1-phenylalanine-1-fenilalaninol acetate, flavonoids, hentriacontan , p-kumarat acid, tannins, and coumarin (Hariya, 2004). Various chemical compounds have properties that vary with different effects in the body.

This journal article can explain more: Clinical Pearls in Breast Disease

Utilization of Grass Pearls (Hedyotis corymbosa)

Utilization of the direct consumption as raw material Mutiara grass (Hedyotis corymbosa) is a rare thing done by the community. Therefore, the utilization requires appropriate preparations so that people can consume these beneficial ingredients in a reasonable and controlled with the recommended dose. The pudding is processed materials agar-agar and other mixed materials. Here are the methods used in processing the Pearl Grass (Hedyotis corymbosa) into a simple fresh custard using a mixture of gelatin without taste useful as a breast cancer preventive agents for human life.

The materials used to make pudding pearl grass are as follows:
• jello without flavor 1 package
• Low Sugar calories 50 grams
• Water 400 ml
• Milk white powder 50 grams
• Egg yolks 2 eggs
• flour 4 tablespoons cornstarch
• Chocolate Flavor 50 grams
• Grass pearl 100 grams

The tools used to make pudding pearl grass are as follows:
• Gas stove
• scoop
• Pan
• Traditional pounder
• Sieve
• Plastic
• Petersham
• Tablespoon
• bowls
• Pudding mold
• Refrigerator

Procedures to make pudding pearl grass are as follows:

•        First of all, the tools and materials to be used is prepared.

•        Grass pearls cleaned by washing with water until clean.

•        Water boil, then pearl grass put in water that has been boiling.

•        Once boiled, drained pearl grass and put into a blender.

•        Grass pearl blender until smooth and ready to put into the pudding mixture.

•        After a smooth, manufacture pudding mixture begins to boil 400 ml of water over low heat.

•        After that, 1 packet of jelly incorporated and stirring until blended.

•        Then, 50 grams of low-calorie sugar incorporated and stirred again.

•        While gelatin is being cooked, stirring constantly, pudding mixture prepared by mixing 2 egg yolks with 4 tablespoons of cornstarch.

•        To add flavor, 50 grams of milk powder mixed into pudding mixture and stirred again until blended.

•        After that, 50 grams of cocoa powder mixed into the dough.

•        Then mix eggs and cornstarch mixed into the gelatin mixture and stir until boiling.

•        Once the dough boiling, pearl grass timbukkan inserted into the pudding mixture and stir briefly until blended.

•        Once blended, the stove is turned off and prints of pudding prepared.

•        The batter pudding dituangkann into prints of and allowed to stand until cold custard and lost steam heat.

•        Once the dough is cold custard, pudding put in the refrigerator.

•        After 20 minutes, pudding ready to serve.

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Comparative Vertebrate Extra Embryonic Membranes

Extraembryonal membrane is a membrane-like structure that looked envelops the embryo and plays an important role in embryonic development. Extra embryonic membranes formed from embryos but were not part of an organism's body after the birth of the organism. Extra embryonic membranes in vertebrates include saccus vitelinus or yolk sac, amnion, allantois, and chorion / serous.                                                                         

• Yolk Sac

yolk sac is formed of cloaking vitellus by some cells derived from the primitive gut. vitellus yolk sac store, which is a source of food / nutrition major from non-placental embryos. Yolk sac also has blood vessels to facilitate the transport of nutrients into the body of the embryo.

• Allantois
Allantois is ekstraembryonic membrane that serves to store waste materials embryo. In placental mammals there are allantois but its function can be replaced since the storage of waste products embryos collected by the mother's body through the placenta. Chorion allantois together combine to form a membrane chorioallantois. Chorioallantois membrane facilitates gas exchange in the embryo.

• The amnion and Chorion
Amniotic sac that encloses the embryo inside filled with fluid, which protects the embryo from drought, and together with serous provide cushioning for the embryo to be protected from any mechanical shocks. While alantois continues to expand, alantois pressing vitelin serous membrane, the layer of the shell of the egg. Alantois and serous form of respiration organ that serves the embryo. The blood vessels are formed in ephitelium alantois carries oxygen to the chick embryo (Campbell, 2004).

• Placenta
The placenta is owned by placental mammals. The placenta is formed from layers of chorion embryo and the endometrium parent. Its main function is as a channel that connects the fetus and the mother's body, so that the transport of nutrients from the mother to the fetus may occur. The main substance that is transported from the mother to the fetus is water, oxygen, nutrients, and antibodies.

Pisces and amphibians have only extra embryonic membranes form the yolk sac. Mammals have but little yolk, the yolk sac in humans will cease development because its function is rudimentary, and then play a role in the formation of the midgut. In reptiles and aves there are a lot of yolk wrapped yolk sac. Amnion contained in eggs all terrestrial animal that serves to keep moisture from embryos (reptiles and aves), in mammals serve as a protective barrier against the surrounding pressure and keep the fetus is not attached to the home network. 

Pisces eggs and amphibians are not equipped amnion because the environment around the eggs are moist (water). Allantois in reptiles, aves and mammals have the same functionality as shelter remnants of metabolism such as urea (mammals and reptiles) and uric acid (aves). Fish and amphibians do not have allantois for both animal eggs is equipped with a thin layer so that it can directly perform diffusion to excretion and respiration. Chorion in reptiles and aves has the same function as a gas exchange, in mammals, chorion derived from the trophoblast is formed simultaneously with the zona pellucida, and together with the allantois role in the formation of the placenta with endometrial stem. The placenta in mammals serves as the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients from or to the parent. The placenta is formed from the junction between the chorion and mucosa (Orphans, 1984).

Fish release their eggs into the water. there is no risk of drought. This is the cause why the fish do not have the amnion which serves as a protective embryo from dehydration. Fish eggs surrounded by a thin membrane in which the diffusion of gases and metabolic waste can take place so that the function as a gas exchange chorion and allantois as container waste from the embryo can be represented. fish embryos had a yolk sac to transport nutrients to the body of the embryo, thus the role of the placenta has been represented by the yolk sac.

Allantois is an adaptation for terrestrial animals because the embryos of animals such as reptiles and terrestrial ovipar aves, residual waste products of metabolism can not be simply thrown into the aquatic environment around him like embryo fish and amphibians. Allantois store waste materials until the embryo hatches.

Extra embryonic membranes in fish formed at the end of gastrulation phase. Yolk sac built by splanknopleura with endoderm and mesoderm adjacent to the splanchnic welcome. In the splanchnic mesoderm there will be blood vessels vitelin. The formation of the yolk sac, in line with the folding roof lining endoderm becomes archenteron, to form the digestive tract (Orphans, 1984).

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DIGESTION SYSTEM IN RATS STONE LAOS (Laonastes aenigmamus)

Each type of animal has a system of digestion are different, as for the type of rodentia in general has its own character such as the stomach is divided into three parts, namely pars cardia, fundus, and pars pylorica, then to the gut, jejenum, duodenum and cecum, colon (colon) adjacent to the ileum ascending colon, transverse, descenden, and sigmoideum, then the rectum as the ultimate gut and excreted through the anus. In animals, this type of rodentia own digestive glands that help the digestion process such as the liver and pancreas.

Type rodentia in its development is one example that is undergoing a process of change in the digestion tract is laos rock rat. These animals included in herbivores characterized by a significant capacity in the digestive tract, it is very important for microbial degradation in the intestines. Food vegetables that will long be in the gastrointestinal tract, large herbivores channel comparable to that small. This causes, nutrition strategies on small mammals is directed to the selectivity of great food when eating certain parts of the vegetation. The maximum volume of the digestive tract usually does not exceed 25% of the body weight herbivorous mammals itself. Volume gastrointestinal tract of the Laotian rock rat according to the indicators that strengthens as absolute herbivores. This is also evidenced by the small surface pars pylorica, the absence vesica fellea, ampulla duodeni enlarged, and their intestines spiral loops which are all characteristics typical for herbivorous rodents.

Laotian rock rat is a small rodent. The average length of the body is 258.0 mm (238.0 to 290.0 mm). The length of the entire gastrointestinal tract can reach 1500 mm, exceeding the body length up to 4.8 to 6.0 times. Massa entire colon is 25-27% of the body mass. Oesophageal size is rather short resemble narrow pipe. At rest, a length not exceeding 50 mm, a width of 6 mm, compact abdominal cavity located in the body and organs are sacculated along curvatura ventriculi major. Laos rock rat have different digestive tract of mice that exist today when compared with certain digestive tract by developing hindgut fermentation, in addition to the large foregut system has never been found in other mice except for the Laotian rock rat. Foregut fermentation was typical in laos rock rat for the other types of mice using hindgut fermentation.

Laos stomach in rats stone itself has three parts, among others saccus gastricus (sacciform forestomach), tubus gastricus (tubiform forestomach), and pars pylorica (hindstomach), the parts are also found in all mammals. Pars pylorica narrower and shorter than the other parts. On average, the length is 43.75 mm ± 5:15 and 4:28 ± 0:17 mm wide. Pylorica pars shape resembles hindstomach certain marsupials and primates folivorous. The surface area of ​​pars pylorica is about 4 to 10% of the total surface area inside the abdomen depending on the volume of digesta. Intestinal structure confirms the major role in the digestive tract of mice. The small intestine to be highly developed, it is based on the extension of the surface area of ​​absorption from the small intestine.

Long-term evolution of the foregut in wet tropical forest conditions gain a significant advantage in digesting the food. In this small mammal has a system clogged intestines can not use the leaves of tropical trees as the basic source of their food. Conversely, small foregut fermenters can not digest grass effectively, this is the reason why these mammals do not live in open habitats where there are monocots. Belly up in the foregut of small mammals seems to be the main adaptations required to improve digestion time in the vegetative parts of the plant. Laotian rock rat body weight of less than 500 g. Folivorous smallest rodent and mammalian herbivores smallest, has an enlarged forestomach.

Although the primary rat and primate eating fruits and seeds, there is the possibility that forestomach be one of the first adaptation of mammals to eat the plants, especially the soft plant foods. It is only found in tropical regions where the climate cost of maintaining energy metabolism were minimal, thus unable to answer why the early foregut mammals have a small body size and a great adaptive radiation of Diatomyidae in tropical forest occurs in the historical period. Such modifications typically associated with changes in body and organ dimensions rather than the A convergent origin of some structures of various digestive system can be hidden. However, morphological adaptations to herbivores and the composition of the intestinal microbiota proved to represent convergent evolution among mammals with similar intestinal occupy the same trophic niche and the radical changes of the primary structure of the organism system.

Convergent evolution seems to explain the fact that the structure of the digestive system does not resemble the laos rock rat rats were still there, but it resembles a group of mammals such as marsupials. Tooth pattern has been found in Laotian rock rat, which is a convergence in the structure of the teeth from the Miocene mammalian offspring folivorous also seen in the early part of the digestive system. Typically, a convergent development of population or species response to certain environmental conditions are similar this adaptive zones animals. At the end of the Miocene marked the start of global cooling, drying and seasonal climate. Changes affecting the composition and distribution of vegetation. This resulted in changes in the composition and abundance of herbivorous species, as well as modification of their habitus and the structure of the digestive tract. A number of fruit eaters and arboreal mammals are also reduced. Perhaps, teeth and foregut small mammalian system was not effective for digesting plants monocots which accumulate huge amounts of lignin, cellulose and sand. Causing mammalian foregut fermentation pregastric with less competitive.

These animals maintain a simple unilocular stomach, especially in the Laotian rock rat, for specialization weak their foregut region, then the mice developed intestinal system сolon-cecum adapted to digest vegetable diet. Laotian rock rat has a groove in the stomach, small mammals Some breeds with foregut fermentation able to survive in the tropical forests. The main evolution in the Laotian rock rat is the transition from high calorie foods into the low green vegetables.

This article is based on journal review.

Journal are :

Campbell, Neil A., Jane B. Reece., And Lawrence G. Mitchell. 2004. Biology, Fifth Edition, Volume 3. Erland. Jakarta.

Laakkonen, J. Tuomas K., Ian J. C., Jukka J., Timo S., Khamsavath K. & Jean-Pierre H. 2014. Gastrointestinal and dental morphology of herbivorous Mammals: where does the Laotian rock rat fit ?. Ann. Zool. Fennici, 51: 153-161.

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