GIBERELIN EFFECT ON EXTENSION OF RODS

Giberelin is a derivative of the acid gibberelat. Is a natural plant hormone that stimulates flowering, stem elongation and open seeds that are still dormant. There are about 100 types of gibberellins, but Gibberellic acid (GA3) was the one most commonly used. Giberelin is a chemical that is classified into terpinoid. All groups terpinoid formed from isoprene units consisting of 5 carbon atoms. Based on the biosynthesis process has been discovered inhibitors (growth retardant) in this activity. No growth hormones that are natural and some are synthetic. Gibberellins are growth hormones in plants that are the synthesis and served to accelerate germination. Giberelin can encourage the development of seed, bud development, stem elongation and leaf growth, encourage flowering and fruit development; affect the growth and differentiation of root.

Some functions gibberellins in plants as follows:

1. Breaking dormancy or stunted growth that plants can grow normally (not dwarf) by accelerating the process of cell division.
2. Increase flowering.
3. Stimulating the process of seed germination. One of the effects of gibberellins is to catalyze the synthesis of enzymes in seeds such as amylase, protease and lipase that the enzyme will remodel the cell walls of the endosperm of seeds and hydrolyze the starch and protein that will provide energy for the embryonic development of which is radikula that will stimulate the endosperm, seed coat or rind limiting the growth / germination so that seeds germinate
4. Participate in cell elongation through increased levels of auxin is giberelin will spur the formation of enzymes that soften the cell walls, especially the proteolytic enzyme that releases amino tryptophan (precursors / formers auxin) so that the levels of auxin increases. Gibberellins stimulate the formation of cinnamic acid polyhydroxy are compounds that inhibit the action of IAA oxidase enzyme in which the enzyme is an enzyme destroyer auxin. Gibberellins stimulate the formation of α-amylase enzyme where the enzyme will hydrolyze starch to sugar in the cells will rise which will cause more water into your cells so that the cells elongate.
5. Participate in the process Parthenocarpy. Some cases of fruit formation can occur in the absence of fertilization or conception, this process is named Parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpy was the formation of seedless fruit or fruit with seeds hollow, generally defined as an event Parthenocarpy formation of fruit without fertilization ovaries. Parthenocarpy is an astonishing and strange events due to the formation of fruit without fertilization of the egg cell, the plant requires a lot of energy for the enlargement of the fruit, but not to have babies with no formation of seeds. Parthenocarpy more common in plants that have a large number of eggs in the fruit, such as bananas, pineapples, tomatoes, melons and figs.

Delivery mechanisms of plant growth regulator gibberellin also will increase the content of auxin in plants, because giberelin able to reduce the damage due to the IAA IAA oxidase enzyme. Gibberellins influence the cell renewal for their starch hydrolysates produced giberelin will support the formation of alpha amylase. Gibberellins acting on genes by causing the activation of certain genes.

Genes that are activated to form new enzymes that cause changes morphogenetik (appearance / appearance of the plant). Giberelin basically encourage cell division, especially in the apical meristems, whereas IAA promotes the differentiation of cells. Plant growth regulators are encouraging the formation of networks of wood, but the activities are qualitatively different from both quantitative and encourage maximum growth.

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The Complete Crossing Orchids

What is the aim of crossing orchids?
The purpose of crossing orchids is (1) to collect two good qualities of two plants. (2) Generate a combination of color, shape, size and number of flowers in want and (3) to obtain plants that are resistant to disease. Various cross there are four, namely monogeneric, bigeneric, trigeneric and tetrageneric.
States that pollination is done by considering the following factors: (i) Selfing conducted if there is no parent plant and other flowering, or when one plant is only one bud or 3 flowers (2 florets intercross, one bud selfing) , (Ii) If in the plant has two flowers there will be a cross inter-cross (between 2 flowers). (Iii) If there are two plants that bloom then pollination carried out-cross, which crosses two flowers of different plants.

Factors affecting the cross are:
1. Selection of healthy stem Yang, Yang characterized WITH Physical appearance Fresh, Green, Grow Tall, strong and sturdy.
2. Diligent flowering.
3. Color Beautiful flowers.
4. Large flower size.
5. Period OR flower stalk of flowers.
6. Interest durable.
7. The shape of flowers.
8. When crossing.
9. Age female flowers.
10. Quality of male flowers as a producer of pollen.

The characteristics of orchids successfully crossed that a few days after the crossing, which has been pollinated flower will wither. Pollination is successful when there is no pest, the fruit will will continue to develop into fruit. No ripe fruit orchids after three months to six months or more, depending on the type of orchid. The ripe fruit will split the fruit characterized the change in color from green to yellowish green.

Generally the result of pollination in P. Serpentilingua be seen in 3-5 days after the transfer pollen do. Pollination is successful, the flower stalk will look fresh and the flowers begin to wilt. Pollination is unsuccessful, then the flower stalks and flowers fall simultaneously. Ovule is situated below the inferior domiciled jewelry flowers and fused with the flower stalk (pedicel). When the fruit development process continues it will be preceded by swelling (swollen) peduncle. Generally, the rapidly growing fruit length between weeks 1 to 5th MSP (Weeks After Pollination), sometimes some are still experiencing the length after week 6.

Weakness in generative propagation on research Cai et al (2011) using Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe is the low level of germination and rate of germination (germination). The absence of endosperm in the seeds create Dendrobium loddigesii orchid species can only germinate when performing symbiosis with fungi under natural conditions. The original habitat destruction and looting could reduce this type of orchid populations.

Based on the observed data, successfully obtained the final result because of swelling of the ovaries (ovarian) but no visible reaction withered flower. The crossing should be terminated by removing the flower tongue to avoid the insects that pollinate thwart. Interest will be crossed should have such criteria, choose flowers as male flowers that had bloomed 4 days until wilted and select female flowers as 4 days after bloom.

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