Bioremediation can be done by using a microorganism or plant (also called phytoremediation). The main advantage of the application of phytoremediation technique compared with other remediation system is its ability to produce lower secondary discharge its toxic properties, more environmentally friendly and more economical. The advantage of phytoremediation apart easily is also an inexpensive alternative. The use of plants as the recovery agent polluted environment, the rate of accumulation must be high, have the ability to accumulate some kind of metal, has the ability to grow rapidly to high biomass production, the plants must be resistant to pests and diseases. Selection of plants that have high absorption and accumulation of the heavy metals are very important priorities.
Cellulose is a compound that has the character hidroilik as well as having the primary and secondary alcohol groups which are both capable of holding the reaction with reactive dyes. Natural cellulose or its derivatives can interact with the surface functional groups are Isik or chemistry.
Plants have the ability to withstand toxic substances by means of biochemical and physiological as well as non-nutritive substances withstand organic performed on the root surface. These pollutants will be metabolized or diimobolisasi through a number of processes including oxidation, reduction and enzymatic hydrolysis. The physiological mechanism of phytoremediation is divided into :
- Fitoekstraksi: the use of plants to remove pollutants pengakumulasi heavy metals or organic compounds with cara1. accumulate in parts of the plant that can be harvested.
- Fitodegradasi: the use of plants and associated microorganisms to degrade organic compounds.
- Rhizofiltrasi: utilization of plant roots to absorb pollutants, especially heavy metals, from water and waste streams.
- Fitostabilisasi: the use of plants to reduce pollutants in the environment.
- Fitovolatilisasi: the use of plants to vaporize contaminants, or the use of plants to remove pollutants from the air.
The mechanism plants facing toxic pollutants are:
- Avoidance (escape) phenological. If the effect occurs in seasonal plants, the plants can complete their life cycle in a single season match.
- The exclusion, ie plants can recognize a toxic ions and prevent absorption so it is not poisoned.
- Countermeasures (amelioration). Plants absorb these ions, but trying to minimize their influence. Kind includes forming a chelate (chelation), dilution, localization or excretion.
- Tolerance. Plant metabolites can develop a system that can function in a specific toxic concentrations with the aid of enzymes.
The use of microorganisms to treat textile waste has the potential to be developed for textile wastewater with high organic matter content can be used directly or indirectly by microorganisms as nutrients for growth. However, not all microorganisms able to remodel textile dye. Microorganisms are widely studied and developed potential are bacteria and fungi. Fungi can grow in an environment containing organic material which is very high as azo dyes, fungi can use as nutrients directly. Fungi can also grow in an environment that is more acidic than other microorganisms.
Lignolitik fungus can produce extracellular enzymes such as laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase. The lignolitik enzyme capable of degrading in addition to polycyclic aromatic compounds and phenolic compounds, also potentially be used to degrade synthetic dye. Degradation or decolorization can occur depending on the chemical structure contained by the dye. Hydroxy group at the ortho position or the azo bond is part of easily attacked by enzymes and didekolorisasi more perfect. The degradation caused by the termination of the structure of the dye by laccase mediators such as ABTS (2,2-azonobis-3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). Wastewater samples azo dye Orange II undergo biodegradation especially through oxidation with the aid of a peroxidase enzyme system. Biodegradation of waste resulted in the formation of aromatic compounds are not hazardous. Biodegradation of harmful substances is supported by aerobic conditions in which oxygen is available. A chemical reaction in the atmosphere of aerobics will take place more rapidly than in the anaerobic atmosphere.
