GIBERELIN EFFECT ON EXTENSION OF RODS

Giberelin is a derivative of the acid gibberelat. Is a natural plant hormone that stimulates flowering, stem elongation and open seeds that are still dormant. There are about 100 types of gibberellins, but Gibberellic acid (GA3) was the one most commonly used. Giberelin is a chemical that is classified into terpinoid. All groups terpinoid formed from isoprene units consisting of 5 carbon atoms. Based on the biosynthesis process has been discovered inhibitors (growth retardant) in this activity. No growth hormones that are natural and some are synthetic. Gibberellins are growth hormones in plants that are the synthesis and served to accelerate germination. Giberelin can encourage the development of seed, bud development, stem elongation and leaf growth, encourage flowering and fruit development; affect the growth and differentiation of root.

Some functions gibberellins in plants as follows:

1. Breaking dormancy or stunted growth that plants can grow normally (not dwarf) by accelerating the process of cell division.
2. Increase flowering.
3. Stimulating the process of seed germination. One of the effects of gibberellins is to catalyze the synthesis of enzymes in seeds such as amylase, protease and lipase that the enzyme will remodel the cell walls of the endosperm of seeds and hydrolyze the starch and protein that will provide energy for the embryonic development of which is radikula that will stimulate the endosperm, seed coat or rind limiting the growth / germination so that seeds germinate
4. Participate in cell elongation through increased levels of auxin is giberelin will spur the formation of enzymes that soften the cell walls, especially the proteolytic enzyme that releases amino tryptophan (precursors / formers auxin) so that the levels of auxin increases. Gibberellins stimulate the formation of cinnamic acid polyhydroxy are compounds that inhibit the action of IAA oxidase enzyme in which the enzyme is an enzyme destroyer auxin. Gibberellins stimulate the formation of α-amylase enzyme where the enzyme will hydrolyze starch to sugar in the cells will rise which will cause more water into your cells so that the cells elongate.
5. Participate in the process Parthenocarpy. Some cases of fruit formation can occur in the absence of fertilization or conception, this process is named Parthenocarpy. Parthenocarpy was the formation of seedless fruit or fruit with seeds hollow, generally defined as an event Parthenocarpy formation of fruit without fertilization ovaries. Parthenocarpy is an astonishing and strange events due to the formation of fruit without fertilization of the egg cell, the plant requires a lot of energy for the enlargement of the fruit, but not to have babies with no formation of seeds. Parthenocarpy more common in plants that have a large number of eggs in the fruit, such as bananas, pineapples, tomatoes, melons and figs.

Delivery mechanisms of plant growth regulator gibberellin also will increase the content of auxin in plants, because giberelin able to reduce the damage due to the IAA IAA oxidase enzyme. Gibberellins influence the cell renewal for their starch hydrolysates produced giberelin will support the formation of alpha amylase. Gibberellins acting on genes by causing the activation of certain genes.

Genes that are activated to form new enzymes that cause changes morphogenetik (appearance / appearance of the plant). Giberelin basically encourage cell division, especially in the apical meristems, whereas IAA promotes the differentiation of cells. Plant growth regulators are encouraging the formation of networks of wood, but the activities are qualitatively different from both quantitative and encourage maximum growth.

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The Complete Crossing Orchids

What is the aim of crossing orchids?
The purpose of crossing orchids is (1) to collect two good qualities of two plants. (2) Generate a combination of color, shape, size and number of flowers in want and (3) to obtain plants that are resistant to disease. Various cross there are four, namely monogeneric, bigeneric, trigeneric and tetrageneric.
States that pollination is done by considering the following factors: (i) Selfing conducted if there is no parent plant and other flowering, or when one plant is only one bud or 3 flowers (2 florets intercross, one bud selfing) , (Ii) If in the plant has two flowers there will be a cross inter-cross (between 2 flowers). (Iii) If there are two plants that bloom then pollination carried out-cross, which crosses two flowers of different plants.

Factors affecting the cross are:
1. Selection of healthy stem Yang, Yang characterized WITH Physical appearance Fresh, Green, Grow Tall, strong and sturdy.
2. Diligent flowering.
3. Color Beautiful flowers.
4. Large flower size.
5. Period OR flower stalk of flowers.
6. Interest durable.
7. The shape of flowers.
8. When crossing.
9. Age female flowers.
10. Quality of male flowers as a producer of pollen.

The characteristics of orchids successfully crossed that a few days after the crossing, which has been pollinated flower will wither. Pollination is successful when there is no pest, the fruit will will continue to develop into fruit. No ripe fruit orchids after three months to six months or more, depending on the type of orchid. The ripe fruit will split the fruit characterized the change in color from green to yellowish green.

Generally the result of pollination in P. Serpentilingua be seen in 3-5 days after the transfer pollen do. Pollination is successful, the flower stalk will look fresh and the flowers begin to wilt. Pollination is unsuccessful, then the flower stalks and flowers fall simultaneously. Ovule is situated below the inferior domiciled jewelry flowers and fused with the flower stalk (pedicel). When the fruit development process continues it will be preceded by swelling (swollen) peduncle. Generally, the rapidly growing fruit length between weeks 1 to 5th MSP (Weeks After Pollination), sometimes some are still experiencing the length after week 6.

Weakness in generative propagation on research Cai et al (2011) using Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe is the low level of germination and rate of germination (germination). The absence of endosperm in the seeds create Dendrobium loddigesii orchid species can only germinate when performing symbiosis with fungi under natural conditions. The original habitat destruction and looting could reduce this type of orchid populations.

Based on the observed data, successfully obtained the final result because of swelling of the ovaries (ovarian) but no visible reaction withered flower. The crossing should be terminated by removing the flower tongue to avoid the insects that pollinate thwart. Interest will be crossed should have such criteria, choose flowers as male flowers that had bloomed 4 days until wilted and select female flowers as 4 days after bloom.

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BIOREMEDIATION AS A FRIENDLY ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS OF WASTE WATER POLLUTION CAUSED BY TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Bioremediation can be done by using a microorganism or plant (also called phytoremediation). The main advantage of the application of phytoremediation technique compared with other remediation system is its ability to produce lower secondary discharge its toxic properties, more environmentally friendly and more economical. The advantage of phytoremediation apart easily is also an inexpensive alternative. The use of plants as the recovery agent polluted environment, the rate of accumulation must be high, have the ability to accumulate some kind of metal, has the ability to grow rapidly to high biomass production, the plants must be resistant to pests and diseases. Selection of plants that have high absorption and accumulation of the heavy metals are very important priorities. 

Cellulose is a compound that has the character hidroilik as well as having the primary and secondary alcohol groups which are both capable of holding the reaction with reactive dyes. Natural cellulose or its derivatives can interact with the surface functional groups are Isik or chemistry.

Plants have the ability to withstand toxic substances by means of biochemical and physiological as well as non-nutritive substances withstand organic performed on the root surface. These pollutants will be metabolized or diimobolisasi through a number of processes including oxidation, reduction and enzymatic hydrolysis. The physiological mechanism of phytoremediation is divided into :

1. Fitoekstraksi: the use of plants to remove pollutants pengakumulasi heavy metals or organic compounds with cara1. accumulate in parts of the plant that can be harvested.
2. Fitodegradasi: the use of plants and associated microorganisms to degrade organic compounds.
3. Rhizofiltrasi: utilization of plant roots to absorb pollutants, especially heavy metals, from water and waste streams.
4. Fitostabilisasi: the use of plants to reduce pollutants in the environment.
5. Fitovolatilisasi: the use of plants to vaporize contaminants, or the use of plants to remove pollutants from the air.

The mechanism plants facing toxic pollutants are:

1. Avoidance (escape) phenological. If the effect occurs in seasonal plants, the plants can complete their life cycle in a single season match.
2. The exclusion, ie plants can recognize a toxic ions and prevent absorption so it is not poisoned.
3. Countermeasures (amelioration). Plants absorb these ions, but trying to minimize their influence. Kind includes forming a chelate (chelation), dilution, localization or excretion.
4. Tolerance. Plant metabolites can develop a system that can function in a specific toxic concentrations with the aid of enzymes.

The use of microorganisms to treat textile waste has the potential to be developed for textile wastewater with high organic matter content can be used directly or indirectly by microorganisms as nutrients for growth. However, not all microorganisms able to remodel textile dye. Microorganisms are widely studied and developed potential are bacteria and fungi. Fungi can grow in an environment containing organic material which is very high as azo dyes, fungi can use as nutrients directly. Fungi can also grow in an environment that is more acidic than other microorganisms.

Lignolitik fungus can produce extracellular enzymes such as laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase. The lignolitik enzyme capable of degrading in addition to polycyclic aromatic compounds and phenolic compounds, also potentially be used to degrade synthetic dye. Degradation or decolorization can occur depending on the chemical structure contained by the dye. Hydroxy group at the ortho position or the azo bond is part of easily attacked by enzymes and didekolorisasi more perfect. The degradation caused by the termination of the structure of the dye by laccase mediators such as ABTS (2,2-azonobis-3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). Wastewater samples azo dye Orange II undergo biodegradation especially through oxidation with the aid of a peroxidase enzyme system. Biodegradation of waste resulted in the formation of aromatic compounds are not hazardous. Biodegradation of harmful substances is supported by aerobic conditions in which oxygen is available. A chemical reaction in the atmosphere of aerobics will take place more rapidly than in the anaerobic atmosphere.

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Taxonomy and Distribution of Bats in Pakistan and India

Pakistan is an agricultural country and most of its citizens to cultivate various types of plants and fruits. Fruit bats Pakistan considered pests because they eat a lot of fruits. Peshwar is the capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Much of the area cultivate different types of plants that can provide habitat for invertebrates and vertebrates. Bats play an important role in agro-ecosystems Pakistan, especially the fruit bats spread seeds and role in the pollination of plants. About 400 plants from 163 species depends on the fruit bats in seed dispersal and pollination that is ultimately beneficial to humans. Barmer in India is a dynamic center for biodiversity.

Bats or Chiroptera is the second largest order Rodentia in Klasis mammals. Bats consists of 1150 species and seven species consisting of 5 genera and 4 familia. Bats have a species consisting of fruit bats (Pteropus giganteus, Pteropodidae), bats fulvus leaf-nosed (Hipposideros fulvus, Hippo-sideridae), bats tailed (Rhinopoma microphyllum, Rhinopomitidae), bats Pipistrellus of Vespertilionidae (India Pipistrellus, Pipistrellus coromandra , Pipistrellus tenuis, Jawan Pipistrellus, Pipistrellus javinacum) and the yellow house bat (Scotophilus heathii, Vespertilionidae). The diversity of food and habitat leads to differences in foraging and how to eat among different species of bats.

Figure Illustration of Bats or Chiroptera

Bats belong to the order Chiroptera. This Order consists of two sub-orders are Megachiroptera (fruit bats) and Mikrochiroptera (insectivorous bats). Bats are spread all over the world except Antarctica, the North Pole and a few isolated oceanic islands. Bats also contributed an enormous amount of keanekaragamn mammals. The Indian subcontinent has 119 species of bats were divided into 8 familia and 37 genera, spread from Afghanistan, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives Myanmar to the north. Pakistan has more than a quarter of mammal species. Taxonomy bat has a lot to learn, so it is still not clear about the exact number of species of bats, although more than 50 bat species representing 26 genera of 8 familia reported in Pakistan.

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All About Osphronemus goramy (Structure, Classification, Location)

Carp belong to the phylum Chordata, class Pisces, Labyrinthici order, suborder Anabantoidei, Anabantidae family, genus  Osphronemu sand species Osphronemus goramy Lac. Carp have distinctive physical shape, flattened body shape, rather long and wide, the back is red sapodilla, the abdomen is white or silvery scales and closed strong with a bit rough edges, a small mouth with the tip can disembulkan. Gourami fish belonged Labirintichi because it has a labyrinth in the form of an additional membrane-shaped bulge on the top edge of the first gill layer, so it can take oxygen directly from the air. The existence of such a device causes the carp can live in calm water with low dissolved oxygen content.

Based on body shape and color, known for several strains of carp, among others carp goose (Soang), Japanese carp, carp blue sapphire, paris carp, carp porcelain, hybrid carp, and carp stone. The strain of carp have been cultivated in Indonesia. From hatching to adulthood, seed carp have names and designations are different for each size. The designation was adopted from objects that are equivalent to the size of the seed. Mention the names of most small to large sizes, namely larvae, squash seeds, grains, pumpkin seeds, nails, razor blades, lighters, cigarette cases, or wrap tape.
Soang carp or carp goose is a type of carp that is very popular in the area of ​​West Java, especially in Ciamis and surrounding area. This fish called the carp carp Soang because adults have a protruding forehead to the top like a goose. Meanwhile, the word "Soang" comes from the Sundanese language which means "goose". Carp is also often dubbed carp West Java, because it comes from West Java, while in Tasikmalaya and surrounding carp strains is also known as carp Galunggung.

Figure Seeds of carp (O. goramy) strain Soang

Source: Personal Documentation, 2015

Description: size 8,5x4 cm

Body shape of carp Soang elongated and thicker flesh. Meanwhile, silvery-white body with a combination of black and red. When compared with the other strains carp, carp Soang body size larger. That is because this strain of fish can grow faster due to the appetite of fish is bigger than the other strains of carp. In addition, this fish is more active and more quickly respond feed. The body length of these fish can reach 65 cm and a maximum weight of 8 kg. Seed fish with a weight of 100 grams per fish were stocked in 6 months time can grow to 700 grams per head, while another strain takes nine months to reach the same weight. In addition, productivity is quite high terlurnya, the average number of eggs released carp parent Soang ie 3000-5000 grain spawn once. Therefore, carp Soang more cultivated.

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Osphronemus gouramy is a Freshwater Fish that Widely Cultivated in Indonesia

Seeds of carp (Osprhronemus goramy) strain Soang

Gourami (Osprhronemus goramy Lac.) is a freshwater fish that widely cultivated in Indonesia, particularly by fish farmer in Java. There are several strains of gourami, one of which is gourami soang strain. Soang strain has a faster growth rate than other strains. However, the fry that derived from a single cohort (generated from a single spawning) shows various sizes even in the same age due to has different growth rate. Differences in growth rate may occur due to differences in metabolic capabilities especially cellular respiration. Differences rate of respiration can be assumed because of differences in the genetic componen, especially on their cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether there are differences in PCR-RFLP marker cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) gene in the gourami soang strain that have different sizes which coming from a cohort so that can be used to analyze genetic diversity. This study used survey method by applying purposive random sampling. Four restriction enzymes were used, molecular characters were defined descriptively based on the appearance of restriction fragment on agarose gel. The result showed that HindIII could cut the PCR product in all individuals, but PstI, BamHI, and EcoRI were not. This means that the gene does not show individual variation, or showed monomorphic on their CO1-HindIII. The three different sizes of soang strain has similar alleles or homozygous, so that heterozigocity value is 0 (zero). Because of that, cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene can not be used as molecular character to differentiate different sizes of gourami soang strain from the same cohort.

Key words : Gourami soang strain, PCR-RFLP, genetic diversity, cohort, cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene (CO1).

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TOEFL STRUCTURE TIPS AND STRATEGIES: Be Careful of Objects of Prepositions

An object of a preposition is a noun, pronoun, gerund or noun clause that comes after a preposition, such as in, at, of, by, behind, on, and so on, to form a prepositional phrase.

(After his exams) Tom will take a trip (by boat)

This sentence contains two objects of prepositions. Exams is the object of the preposition after, and boat is the object of the preposition by.

An Object of a preposition can cause confusion in structure questions on the TOEFL test because it can be mistaken for the subject of the sentence.

Example :

With his friend __________ found the movie theathre.

(A) has

(B) he

(C) later

(D) when

In this example you should look first for the subject and thne verb. You should notice the verb found  and should also notice that there is no subject. Do not think that friend is the subject; friend is the object of the preposition with, and one noun cannot be both a subject and an object at the same time. Because a subject needed in this sentence, answer (B), he, is the best answer. Answer (A), (C), and (D) are not correct because they cannot be subjects.

So the key is:

"A preposition is followed by a noun, pronoun, gerund or noun clause that is called an object of the preposition. If a word is an object of a preposition, it is not subject.

See also the previous post:
TOEFL STRUCTURE: Be Sure The Sentences Has A Subject and A Verb

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TOEFL STRUCTURE: Be Sure The Sentences Has A Subject and A Verb

Some sentence in English have just one subject and verb, and it is very important for you to find the subject and verb in these sentences. In some sentences it is easy to find the subject and verb. However, certain structures, such as objects of preposition, appositives, and participles, can cause confusion in the locating the subject and verb because each of these structures can look like a subject or verb. An object of the prepositions or an appositives can be mistaken for a subject, while a participle can be mistaken for a verb.

Therefore, you should be able to do the following in sentences with one subject and verb: (1) be sure the sentence with one subject and a verb, (2) be careful of objects of prepositions and appositive when you are looking for the subject, and (3) be careful of objects present participles and past participles when you are looking for the verb.

You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most common types of problems that you will encounter in structure questions on the TOEFL tes have to do with subjects and verbs: perhaps the sentence is missing either the subject or the verb or both, or perhaps the sentence has an extra subject or the verb.

Example 1:
____________ was backed up for miles on the freeway.
(A) Yesterday
(B) In the morning
(C) Traffic
(D) Cars

In this example you should notice immediately that there is a verb was, but there is no subject. Answer (C) is the best answer because it contains the singular subject traffic that agrees with the singular verb was. Answer (A), yesterday, and answer (B), in the morning, are not subject, it is not correct because cars is plural and it does not agree with the singular verb was.

Example 2:
In this example you should notice immediately that the sentences has a subject engineers and that there is no verb. Because answer (B), are needed, is a verb, it is the best answer, Answer (A), (C), and (D) are not verbs, so they are not correct.

Example 3:
The boy______ going to the movies with a friend,
(A) he is
(B) he always was
(C) is relaxing
(D) will be

This sentence has a subject boy and has part of a verb going; to be correct, some from of the verb be is needed to make the sentence complete. Answer (A) and (B) are incorrect because the sentence already has a subject boy and does not need the extra subject he. Answer (C) is incorrect because relaxing is an extra verb part that is unnecessary because of going. Answer (D) is the best answer; will be together with going is a complete verb.

So, the key words of this TOEFL structure trick is "A sentence must have at least one subject and one verb.

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